| The Archaeology Channel Newsletter |
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| Welcome to the Vol. 2, Issue 2, of The Archaeology Channel Newsletter!
Early this year, we fell behind in our quarterly TAC Newsletter schedule. We apologize for that: it’s been too busy around here! We’ve been meeting challenges and exploiting opportunities in our drive to grow and become self-sustaining. This newsletter is tough to produce because there is so much to tell, so you can bet we’ll stay on schedule from now on! To begin with, I’m now accompanied in the office by three new volunteers. Doug Coffman (see below) came on board as Administrative Assistant in October, Barbara Camin joined us as Office Manager in January and Jack Hughes began as IT Specialist in May. Doug now earns a small monthly paycheck. Our productivity potential has jumped dramatically, but to realize that potential I’ve invested loads of time in training staff to do what I used to do myself. We’ve spun our wheels a lot over the past several months, but now we gain traction every day. The real payoff will arrive later this year, when the training phase is mostly behind us. Attracting new underwriters is critically important to our success. So it was a huge boost in December when we signed our biggest Underwriting Agreement yet with the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, who now have a banner on the TAC Home Page. Other new underwriters include Modern Antiquity USA, Michael Balter, Eric Bergland, Astronomical Adventures, University of Oregon, and Maya Research Program. Early in the year, we focused largely on The Archaeology Channel International Film and Video Festival, which took place March 7-11 (see below) and clearly was our best program ever. But TAC Festival never really stops and now we are preparing and promoting for TAC Festival 2007. Dr. Louise Leakey will be our Keynote Speaker! She comes at no small price, but we already have raised 70 percent of her costs with help from Lane County, the Oregon Council for the Humanities, Bi-Mart, Jean and Ray Auel, Umpqua Bank, Oregon Community Credit Union, and Great Northwest Bookstore. Part of our TAC Festival program now is our mini-festival film series, which will visit six different Oregon cities in the course of a year. But wait—there’s more! It was an honor to me personally, but more importantly, a big boost to our credibility and stature as an organization, when the Society for American Archaeology in April honored me with their award for Excellence in Public Education (see below). And while that award was being made, I was in Kiel, Germany, as an invited juror for the CINARCHEA International Archaeology Film and Art Festival (see below). Then in May cable TV news network MSNBC asked me to do a live interview about a breaking news story (see below). Maybe now you can understand why the newsletter took a back seat for a while! Throughout all this, our Web site traffic kept setting new records. In 2005 we recorded 2.7 million sessions and 5.4 million page views, a quadrupling of 2004 traffic. This year we expect to reach more than 4 million sessions and 7 million page views. Owing mostly to our podcast, the Audio News from Archaeologica, which saw 6000 sessions in June 2005, now is approaching 200,000 sessions monthly, reflecting more than 3000 percent growth in one year. In October 2005, we had 64 videos up on TAC, but at the end of May 2006 we have 76 and should top the 100 mark next year. Last year TAC was ranked seventh in a Google search for “archaeology,” but now it is ranked fifth out of 113 million Web sites. To conclude, let me reiterate what I said last November: we need your help to support the growth and development of these programs. Please respond generously to our fund-raising requests. Rick Pettigrew
“For his leadership in facilitating public education about archaeology through innovative media formats and technologies, we proudly present this award to Richard M. Pettigrew.” —Kenneth Ames, President Society for American Archaeology San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 2006 ALI: Welcome, Dr. Pettigrew—Rick—and thanks for talking with us. We want to congratulate you on receiving the 2006 Excellence in Public Education Award, in April, from the Society for American Archaeology. We are proud of your achievement and hope that it brings you continued success with ALI and The Archaeology Channel. ALI: According to the Society for American Archaeology, this award recognizes institutions or individuals “who bring about an improved public understanding and appreciation of anthropology and archaeology.” In your case, this relates to your work in founding the Archaeological Legacy Institute, and in producing The Archaeology Channel Web site and the annual TAC International Film and Video Festival. Would you tell us, please, about the award and why you were chosen to receive it this year? Rick: Well, the Public Education Award is a way of acknowledging those people who make a special effort and a special contribution in the area of public education. So, I’m naturally very pleased to be awarded this; it’s quite an honor for me. I can’t really speak to the motivation of the committee who selected me. But I can tell you that it’s something I was very interested in receiving, not for my own sake, but for the sake of ALI and for The Archaeology Channel project, because it’s important to get the acknowledgment that this is a worthwhile enterprise. ALI: What can you tell us about past recipients of this award? Rick: Well, I can’t repeat a list of all the award winners, but I do know that among the award winners has been [internationally-known author and archaeologist] Brian Fagan, who I admire a great deal. And I’m really happy to be placed on the same list with him because he’s made a lot of wonderful contributions to public education through his authoring of many, many books and other things ALI: And can you tell us a little about the Society for American Archaeology—what is it, where is it located, and what is your connection there? Rick: The Society for American Archaeology is based in Washington, DC. It is the principal professional organization for archaeologists in the Western Hemisphere, principally North America. It’s been around for about seventy years, and I’ve been a member of SAA since my graduate school days back in the early 1970s. So I’ve had that connection continuously; I’ve been to a lot of SAA meetings; I’ve contributed to American Antiquity [SAA’s professional journal], SAA newsletters and have established professional relationships with many of the SAA people. ALI: What are your thoughts upon being honored by your professional colleagues nationally? Rick: I am very pleased to be honored in this way. I’ve been working for years to demonstrate the value of what we have been doing here. It’s gratifying to know that these efforts are finally paying off in the minds of our colleagues. ALI: How did you become interested in the public education aspect of archaeology, and why is it important for people to know about archaeology? Rick: I became interested in archaeology myself because I felt that it was important to understand who we are as human beings. And, to me, archaeology is a chief way of coming to grips with who we really are—where we came from, why we do what we do, how we might be able to solve problems that we have as human beings in our world. So that’s always been a principal connection for me. And that’s how I got into archaeology, really, as well as my natural curiosity about things. And lately its become more and more important to me because I felt that, as professional archaeologists, we really weren’t doing a good enough job of sharing the value that we’re creating, through our research, with the general public. As I’ve told people before, I think we have about six billion stakeholders in this process of learning about our past, and we really need to get the word out; we really need to make that effort to share it. Otherwise, I don’t see the purpose in it. Why do it? It’s not just to satisfy our own curiosity. Well, to a certain extent it may be, but beyond that it’s much more important for us to make a real contribution. ALI: Would you care to expand on the second part of that question—why you think it’s important for people to know about archaeology? Rick: It’s not that I think it’s important for people to know about archaeology per se; I mean, archaeology is a method of exploring the human past. And of course it’s useful for people to know how we go about it. But more important, it seems to me, is what we learn by doing it. We learn about our past as human beings; we learn about where we came from; we learn about how things came to be the way they are. And I don’t think we really can understand who we are and the world about us if we don’t know where we came from. ALI: What does the award hold for the future of Archaeological Legacy Institute and its major projects, especially The Archaeology Channel? Rick: Now that I’ve been awarded this honor, I can go out to the professional community and elsewhere and let people know that what we are doing has been recognized by our professional peers as something that is worthwhile. And, so, that gives us credibility. It gives us the voice of a very important institution—the SAA—and it’s going to help us to convince people to support what we’re doing. And for me, that’s critically important. So, I think that’s really the greatest importance of this award: that it will provide further impetus to our effort to grow our projects and to have an influence. ALI: Thanks for talking with us, and congratulations again on your achievements in behalf of public education. By all means, keep up the good work! Photo: Rick in the ALI video library
By Doug Coffman, ALI Administrative Assistant It’s a wrap-- The third annual installment of The Archaeology Channel International Film and Video Festival is now history! As you will see below, however, this colorful celebration of human creativity is anything but finished. Conveying the variety and overwhelming richness of this year’s TAC Festival films and events briefly is a tall order, but we can do it! Such is our attitude, at least, after besting the many challenges of producing, hosting and successfully completing yet another major film event. From the months of planning, organization and promotion which preceded this year’s TAC Festival, to feasting dazzled audience members at the gala, post-film reception, it all came off splendidly. Could it be that we actually know what we’re doing?! Of course we like to believe that we do know, and a quick review seems to confirm this. Not even an eleventh-hour schedule change—which bumped our February event into the month of March—could shake our footing. Beyond that little pothole, things went just as planned, right down to the timely flight connections of our illustrious keynote speaker: archaeologist and author, Dr. Brian Fagan. Doors to the McDonald Theatre opened just a few minutes past 5:30 on Tuesday evening, March 7, to a flurry of last-minute activity as we welcomed in the first of six audiences for our five-day Festival. Double showings on Saturday capped the event, allowing us to screen the top seventeen of 56 superb films submitted this year by an international crowd of producers. Audiences, jurors and project staff alike have proclaimed this year’s slate of films—including Festival winner, Queen of the Mountain—the best-ever. We believe these films represent the cream of today’s “heritage film” genre—among the very finest professionally-produced films available anywhere in the world. Tuesday’s Welcome Address by Eugene Mayor Kitty Piercy preceded Brian Fagan’s riveting keynote address and book-signing later that evening. The mayor spoke briefly about the values of broad cultural knowledge in our lives and about the importance of the Festival for the future of Eugene Downtown. Dr. Fagan, in turn, gave a spirited narration with slides outlining the state of knowledge at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, the subject of his recent book. We are indebted to both Mayor Piercy and Dr. Fagan for helping to build the excitement and festive air which is so important for an event like ours, and especially to its future. Yes, this year’s TAC Festival has inspired and energized us all in planning for next year. And we must not become complacent: Despite this year’s many successes—including Festival attendance exceeding that of some long-established European film festivals—we still have a long way to go before TAC Festival becomes fully self-supporting. So we are redoubling our efforts. Already, the call for films has gone out worldwide for next year’s Festival. Planning is underway to implement a traveling “mini-festival” film series which will take the best of each year’s films on-the-road to the far reaches of Oregon. And in headline news, we have just signed Louise Leakey—third-generation heir to the Leakey family “dynasty” which has shed great light on human origins in Africa—to deliver the keynote address at TAC Festival 2007, May 1-5, at the McDonald Theatre. As Director of the Koobi Fora Research Project in Kenya, Louise no doubt will bring us all a trove of fascinating insights about her work and, just perhaps, about ourselves. Photo: McDonald Theatre, Eugene Oregon
By Rick Pettigrew I felt like a pretty lucky guy on April 25 as I flew off to Germany to attend the CINARCHEA International Archaeology Film and Art Festival. During a conversation back in 2004 at the ICRONOS International Festival of Archaeological Film in Bordeaux (see the January 2005 TAC Newsletter), Dr. Kurt Denzer, the CINARCHEA organizer, had invited me to come to Kiel (on the Baltic Sea just south of Denmark) to be a juror for his event Kiel became a welcoming place when I was greeted at the Hamburg Airport by two smiling CINARCHEA student volunteers, Claudia and Marco. They ferried me to the Festival office in Kiel, where Kurt greeted me and gave me a tour of his facility. After a delightful lunch at the “Beautiful View” Restaurant on the harbor-front, Kurt brought me to the Hotel Astor, a modest-sized establishment where a number of Festival guests stayed near the city center. My room was on the ninth floor, conveniently the same floor where a sumptuous continental breakfast was offered daily. The hotel was located only one block from the New City Hall, where the Festival took place in a space that contained an exhibit area, a theater with a stage and a deli that served us our evening meals. The first evening, Wednesday, April 26, was devoted to opening remarks by local dignitaries and Dr. Denzer and introduction of the jury to the audience before the first film-screening session. My task as juror, in tandem with Dr. Peter Allen of the University of Rhode Island, was to keep tabs on the audience ballots and tally them at the end for the audience prize. In the remaining days of the Festival, Thursday-Saturday, April 27-29, the schedule provided for three sessions, beginning at 10 am, 3 pm and 7:30 pm, separated by meal breaks and followed by a late snack and drinks. The camaraderie was great and I typically would return to my hotel room well after midnight. Festival participants, including jurors and other guests such as film makers, came mostly from European countries, among them Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Russia, and Switzerland. The Festival screened 30 films for the competition and set aside special sessions for nine exhibition films from Russia and five from Iran. Interestingly, we had already shown two films in the competition, The Kingdom of the Nabateans and In the Land of the Black Pharaohs, during the previous month at our event, The Archaeology Channel International Film and Video Festival. I saw many good films that I hope some will be submitted as entries to TAC Festival 2007. You can bet we will work to bring the best of the Kiel films to Eugene next year! One of the big highlights of the trip for me was a Festival-organized excursion on Saturday morning to The Viking Museum of Haithabu (or Hedeby), on the site of the early Viking merchant town of Hedeby, north of Kiel, where three Viking ships have been excavated from the ancient harbor. The excavation of one of these ships is the subject of The Viking Ship of Hedeby, produced by Dr. Kurt Denzer and among the videos currently available for viewing on demand on TAC. I was thrilled to see the remains of this ship laid out with a partial reconstruction in the exhibit hall of the Museum. As I had hoped, Kiel was a prime opportunity for networking. There I met and renewed acquaintances with many European Festival organizers, film-makers, media representatives, archaeologists, and students. A Greek film-maker that I met there, Eleni Stoumbou, already has provided us new TAC content with her short film, The Amphora of Eleusis. I expect these contacts also will yield new films, for both TAC and TAC Festival, from countries including Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, and Iran. You’ll be seeing those in the months to come. At the awards ceremony on the last evening, Kurt asked me to announce and hand out the award trophies and certificates. So, with a little help from my friends, I got a chance to dust off my German language skills, which had lain dormant for many years, and deliver a few choice sentences to an appreciative audience. You can see some pictures from that evening and other times during the Festival here. Even after the Festival was completed, the wonderful CINARCHEA hospitality continued. As I was not scheduled to fly back home until Tuesday, May 2, I had some time on my hands. Kurt invited me to attend on Saturday night a special showing of a restored silent German film from 1922, Das Weib des Pharaoh (The Pharaoh’s Wife) in a downtown Kiel movie hall. Then on Sunday, Kurt invited all the remaining Festival guests to a reception at his summer house on the Baltic Sea coast north of Kiel. And on Monday, Marion Barth, staff member of CINARCHEA, took me and Marguerite Johnson (representing the Kineon International Festival of Archaeological Film in Brussels, Belgium) on a tour of the resort town of Eckernförde on the Baltic Sea north of Kiel. Then she and her husband, Hanno, served us a delightful dinner at their house. Now, after having seen first-hand both the ICRONOS (Bordeaux) and CINARCHEA (Kiel) festivals, I feel more strongly than ever that our event, TAC Festival, is an important part of an international movement to promote the use of film in conveying the value of cultural heritage. Our Festival compares well with the European events in all respects. In the coming year we intend to build stronger links with the European festivals and to attract international visitors to TAC Festival 2007. Please plan to come yourselves! You’ll enjoy some terrific films and help us build momentum for the continuing development of this event. Photo: CINARCHEA logo
By Martha Goell Lubell, Producer/Director I started hearing stories about my aunt Theresa Goell’s exploits when I was a little girl growing up in New York. I loved listening to my aunt tell stories of her archaeological excavations on an isolated mountain in Turkey in the 1950s and 1960s. Aunt Tess ultimately excavated the spectacular burial site of King Antiochus on Nemrud Dagh, a 7,000-foot-high mountain three days’ walk from the nearest post office. Antiochus ruled the Kingdom of Commagene and controlled the trade routes across the Euphrates River in the century before the birth of Christ. After Tess’ brother Kermit Goell (my uncle) died in the late 1990s, my cousins Jonathan Goell and Julie Goell found boxes full of photos, letters, audio tapes, and film relating to Tess’ unusual career as well as to her personal struggles (she was nearly deaf, divorced and a Jewish woman working in a Muslim country). I was convinced that there was a film in those boxes. Knowing it would take me to the places my aunt had told me about years before, I decided to make Queen of the Mountain, a documentary film about my aunt’s indomitable spirit. After several months of research, in May of 2001 I set off for Turkey to find out if it would be possible to shoot on Nemrud Dagh and filmed interviews with several archaeologists who had known Aunt Tess. By then it was easy to reach the summit of Nemrud Dagh by car instead of donkey and I found that Tess had become an icon in the region. Her photograph was in the lobby of both of the hotels where I stayed. My aunt was as devoted to her workers as they were to her. She brought clothing and medicine from New York and treated the medical problems of her workers and their families, and taught their wives hygiene and birth control. My cousin, Jon Goell, relates: “She was considered queen of the mountain.” I was warmly welcomed by her former workers on the mountain and by our local guides. I soon felt like a second-generation queen of the mountain. Editor’s Note: Queen of the Mountain was selected by both the TAC Festival 2006 audience and jury as the Festival’s best film. It is distributed by Women Make Movies (http://www.WMM.Com/ 212-925-0606 x360). Photo: Theresa Goell in Jerusalem
By Maureen Zehender, AOA President The Association of Oregon Archaeologists is a non- profit organization whose members are professionals, students and avocational archaeologists. AOA‘s mission is to increase public awareness of cultural resources through meetings, publications, and financial support for research. AOA also partners with other organizations to promote education about all cultural resources. Members of AOA provide on- going assistance for the Oregon Archaeology Celebration (OAC) and recently voted to become an organizational member of Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI) to support the educational work of The Archaeology Channel. AOA holds two annual meetings where papers are presented on topics related to Oregon archaeology. The fall AOA membership meeting scheduled for Saturday, November 4, 2006, will be held at the University of Oregon’s Museum of Natural and Cultural History. The theme will follow the 2006 OAC theme, celebrating the centennial of the Antiquities Act, and featured speakers will provide a retrospective on Oregon archaeology and discuss their views on future directions in archaeology. AOA publishes a quarterly newsletter, Current Archaeological Happenings in Oregon (CAHO), and an Occasional Papers Series. An annual research grant of up to $500.00 is funded by AOA. The 2006 AOA Research Grant was awarded to Dr. Dennis Jenkins, University of Oregon (see his picture above), for radiocarbon dating of human coprolites recovered from Pleistocene age deposits at Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves in south-central Oregon. The radiocarbon study will assist in determining if the human occupation dates to the same time period as previously recovered remains of extinct Pleistocene mega-fauna including camel and horse bones that date to 14,330 and 13,200 B.P. The soon to be released, “AOA Occasional Papers No. 8” focuses on the archaeology of the Oregon Coast. Past issues of the Occasional Papers and CAHO can be purchased from AOA. Visit the AOA website for information on membership, the AOA research grant, CAHO and the Occasional Papers Series. Photo: Dennis Jenkins in Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves during excavation work.
By Doug Coffman, ALI Administrative Assistant I come to ALI with a background in interdisciplinary studies from the universities of Montana and Oregon, with emphases in cultural and physical anthropology and psychology. I define myself as a generalist. In the early years, I developed courses in the humanities and have taught university classes in anthropology and the theory and philosophy of human survival, as well as a fair bit of hands-on work in outdoor pursuits and primitive survival skills, as a practical adjunct to the academics. Rather than one thing, my subsequent career as an independent scholar has involved many different types of work, all of which fall conveniently under the rubric of human survival, broadly conceived. In various ways, I’ve worked to discover practical means by which modern humans can move ahead by reconnecting with the physical world from which we draw our existence. In this vein, I long ago developed a special interest in American bison—and all bison—as a positive force in the human career. Over the past twenty years, my independent natural history work with bison has entailed academic research, writing and publishing about bison history, ecology and evolution. Genus Bison is simply one animal form among many, but it has been critical to the survival of aboriginal humans everywhere—from Pleistocene times onward— throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. And this resilient genus is still with us! My recent work has been with a Montana-based environmental project to restore herds of wild American Bison to semi-arid parts of the Northern Great Plains where that is still environmentally, and economically, practicable. Through it all, I’ve held a casual interest in archaeology as the study of the remains—the physical and environmental evidence—of past human activity. But the discipline documents the failures as well as the successes of human efforts to live and survive. And so, I sense that archaeology may hold for us important lessons about living and surviving in today’s world. No doubt it is this abiding link with the past and its implications for the human future which brings me here to ALI and keeps me humming. As with any archaeology project, of course, there’s lots of gravel here at ALI to be sifted through the screens of time in order to produce each “artifact”— each accomplishment brought to light—which constitutes the success of the endeavor. It’s hot, hard, often dusty work, sure (when it’s not raining or freezing). But just look at what’s been done so far! I feel most fortunate to be a part. Photo: Doug, at home
By Amy Suzanne Diaz, Volunteer Correspondent This entry updates Amy’s initial report on Flores Man in the May 2005 TAC Newsletter. In 1998, paleoanthropologists searching for signs of early Homo sapiens sapiens on the Indonesian island of Flores instead discovered a new species of hominin in Liang Bua Cave. The remains of Homo floresiensis, as Flores Man was initially dubbed, date to around 18,000 years ago, suggesting that tiny Flores Man and modern Homo sapiens may have coexisted for a time. (A good early summary of the discovery and its significance can be found here. But the researcher who first described the fossils, Dr. Peter Brown of the University of New England in New South Wales, Australia, now has some new ideas about the find. Initially, Flores Man was believed to be a sub-type of Homo erectus, dwarfed by environmental factors of island living. But in a lecture delivered in February 2006 at the University of Oregon, Brown raised doubts that the genus Homo is an appropriate designation for the smaller form and suggested it might be an Australopithecine, a group of hominins that disappeared from Africa 2 million years ago! At a little over three feet tall, Flores Man is somewhat smaller than the known Australopithecines. The fossils also have primitive arboreal features, such as relatively long arms, like Australopitecines. Brain size also could indicate an Australopithecine: the cranial capacity of A. afarenis (Lucy's species) averages about 430 cc, and that of Homo floresiensis averages about 380 cc. In comparison, Homo erectus brain size averages about 930 cc. Consideration of other fossil features, including rib cage shape, hand and foot form, and dentition, may eventually help to determine the proper genus of Flores Man. Artifacts found in association with Flores Man also must be taken into account, yet these do not appear to support the notion of Flores Man as an Australopithecine. Stone tools for butchering meat, and hearths for cooking it, have never been found in association with any member of genus Australopithecus. Homo habilis was the earliest known tool-maker, though H. habilis did not produce sophisticated tools such as those found on Flores Island. It is possible, then, that the stone tools and hearths on Flores belonged to modern humans. A commonly repeated interpretation of Flores Man’s identity is the original idea that they are dwarfed representatives of Homo erectus. And they may even turn out to be Australopithecines. One thing that they are not, however, is tiny versions of ourselves. It is clear from the prominent brow ridges, lack of a chin and other primitive features (especially their relatively long arms), that they are different from Homo sapiens. What remains unclear is to what genus they may properly be assigned. Regardless of what paleoanthropologists ultimately decide about the classification of Flores Man, these fossils are an important link in the study of human evolution. Whether or not the tiny Flores islanders stay in genus Homo, it is fascinating to think that our modern human ancestors may have lived beside them for so many years. Photo: Artist’s depiction of Homo floresiensis
By Kiera Tara O’Brien, Volunteer Correspondent Deep in the rainforests of Brazil’s Amazon basin near the border of French Guiana, archaeologists of the Amapá Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (IEPA) have discovered a sophisticated stone structure that is making headlines worldwide as the new “Stonehenge.” (And the hoopla induced MSNBC to interview Dr. Rick Pettigrew on live TV— see Editor’s Note below.) Cut by the Equatorial Line, Amapá is a heavily rainforested state located in the northern mouth of the Amazon River. Around 127 large stone blocks 3 m tall were driven into the top of a hill in an open field. Each block weighs several tons and would have required an enormous amount of effort simply to transport to the summit of the hill, let alone to be placed upright in evenly spaced circles with precise astronomical connections. At an age of around 500 to 2000 years old, judging from pottery fragments found at the site, the “Brazilian Stonehenge” is about half the age of Britain’s famous Stonehenge of Salisbury. In terms of South American archaeology, it pre-dates European colonization and dispels some long-held notions that the area was technologically primitive until the Portuguese arrival. The Amazon Basin has been inhabited by people for more than 11,000 years. Early pottery there has been dated to 5000 BC and a more complex society based on fish farming on Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon River developed within the last 2000 years. The extensive aquatic resources and fertile soils in the region must have been capable of supporting a growing population. These communities developed complex socio-political institutions and produced a unique range of material culture. Trading linked the societies together and languages, ceramics, rock art and stone tools all reflect similarities across the basin. In 2003, published research findings described a network of villages and towns connected by precisely engineered roads in the upper Rio Xingu to the south of Amapá state. Amazon researchers were shocked to discover evidence for such a complex society, but the lead researcher, Michael J. Heckenberger, suggested that this was just one of many similar complexes in the region. It had just been overlooked because it was not characterized by the more impressive cities and stone structures of the Maya, Aztecs and Incas. The stone circles in Amapá are the first monumental architecture comparable to these famous American civilizations. Archaeologists have long suspected that the stars and phases of the moon were understood by Amazonian peoples and used to determine the proper timing of crop cycles. The Brazilian Stonehenge may be linked to astronomical calculations, but the precise function of the stones as a possible calendar is still a mystery. What is known is that the path of the sun is pinpointed through a hole in one of the stone blocks during the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, in December, suggesting it may be the oldest Amazonian observatory. Some researchers believe that this information would have been used in timing the agricultural activities of the society. Others have argued for a religious role for the stones. The pattern of the blocks, only one of which was needed for identifying the winter solstice, has been described as a temple form. With links to the movement of the sun and possibly to agricultural cycles, there are plenty of suggestions that the site was a center for cultic activities. More than just the smaller cousin of Britain’s famous monument, this find is sure to change the way archaeologists think about ancient Amazonian technology and civilization. Editor’s Note: On May 15, MSNBC contacted ALI’s Dr. Rick Pettigrew to do a live TV interview on this story for “The Most” with Alison Stewart. For our newsletter readers, we have made this interview available for viewing on TAC via the links below (select your bandwidth and player): Photo: Upright stones at the “Brazilian Stonehenge” site
Please let us know what you think of the newsletter. We welcome any suggestions for improvement. Contact us at: info@archaeologychannel.org
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